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Belarus is located east of Poland and is slightly smaller than the State of Kansas. It borders Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Russia and has a total population of 10.4 million. Belarus is home to anywhere from 20,000 to 70,000 Jews. Over 50% of the population of the major cities Minsk, Grodno, Mogilev and Vitebsk were Jewish cities. Ninety eight percent of the native Byelorussian lived in the countryside. Today, Jews constitute one percent of the national populations according to information from the Minsk In Your Pocket Guide, Summer, 1997, page 30; Winter, 1997-98, page 31. White Russian (Byelorussia) is the nationality of the people living in this marshy land area, that was formerly part of Mother Russia. White Russian Monarchists, fighting Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War (1917 to 1920) were referred to as "White Guard" and those they fought were referred to as the Red Guard. They were more commonly referred to as the Reds and the Whites. Today, Belarus is not much different than yesterday's Belarus. You will still see the horse drawn plows and vehicles on the rough highways next to old models of the Lada automobile. Getting gasoline, which is rationed, can take up a great deal of time, when you find someone selling gasoline along the side of the road. It is quite a poor country controlled by the military, but in some areas, the people are better off than other Russian satellite states. You will find that the people are scraping the bottom in order to survive including selling off personal items and even used shoes and clothing items. Outdoor markets are quite common. Belarus lost over 30% of its population and over 75% of its towns and villages during WW II. The notorious 12th Lithuanian Police Auxiliary Battalion, chillingly named the Schutzmannschaft was formed in Kaunas in 1941, and was composed entirely of Lithuanian volunteers. According to documents in the Belarusian Archives, this unit was dispatched to Belarus on October 5, 1941 with the ostensible mission of breaking the back of local resistance and partisan groups. The 12th Police Auxiliary operated principally in Minsk City and Minsk District, but sometimes moved further a field. The unit was responsible for massacres in Slutsk, Smilovichi, Borisov, Rudensk, Koidanov and many other Shtetl. Its principle functions were mass executions, hangings and genocide, often on the streets and in city squares. At least 42,000 people; Jews, partisans, and alleged Communist Party members were murdered by the unit. It was in Byelorussia that the Nazis wholesale murder of Jews was first tested. At the same time, many ghettoes became centers of resistance. Underground organizations were active in the ghettoes of Baranovichi, Bobruisk, Brest, Grodno, Slonim, Minsk, Vileyka and others. An in-depth
study of the history of Belarus from ancient times to the present
(in English) can be found at The country known
today as Belarus, consisted of four Guberniyas: Belarus Shtetl
listings:
To find any town in
Belarus - go to: As of 2/1/01, the Belarusian ruble stands at 1230 to the U.S. dollar.
Details on the administrative structure can be found at http://www.jewishgen.org/belarus/Vitaly/Minsk%20Uyezd.htm
"A Jew in Byelorussia, Lida and Karaganda" (Un Juif de Bielorussie de Lida A Karaganda) (In French) Ghetto-Maquis-Goulag -authored by Kuszelewicz, Joseph Harmattan - 19/09/2002 ISBN 2-7475-1308-4 "Ashes" - authored by Arnold Zale, a Melbourne, Australia writer who has traveled to Belarus and recorded his feelings in a moving and literary manner. Available from most major chain bookstores. "A Survivor's Story" - an interview with a WWII survivor from Luninets: as provided by The Columbus Dispatch newspaper in the January 23, 1997 edition. "Atlas of the Jewish People" - contains many diagrams that illustrate Jewish migrations starting from biblical times to the present. "Bashert: A Granddaughter's Holocaust Quest" - authored by Andrea Simon and published by University Press of Mississippi. The book contains the most extensive information to date on the Brona Gora and Volchin massacres. ISBN 1-57806-481-3 "The Belarus Secret" - authored by John Loftus, a former federal prosecutor in the Nazi war crimes unit of the Justice Department. Published by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York. Library "BriefeMeiner Erinnerung: Mein Uberleben in Judischen Ghetto von Minsk 1941-1942" Roughly translated to "My Letter Living Through the Jewish Ghetto in Minsk". This book, written in German by Ana Krasnaperko, is available from the publisher Haus Villigst, 5840 Schwerte, Germany Telephone: 02304/755230. The Holocaust Museum has a copy and discusses the story of the many German Jews from Bremen and Hanover deported to Minsk and includes photos and text, but does not list names. And, along with her mother, who was a doctor, escaped into the woods and lived with the partisans. "From Belarus To Cape Breton And Beyond" - authored by Larry Gaum lgaum@ca.inter.net Some of the scenes of the atrocities that Larry learned of when he visited Lakhva in 1994 from a former resident and survivor are included in this book. "History Atlas of Belarus" - in Russian. Leonid Smilovitsky smilov@netvision.net.il states that he has "a free copy of it direct from Belarus'. The Atlas was published in Minsk in 2001 and contains 28 pages. He also offers in Russian, a monograph of Dr. Anishchenko "Pale of Settlements in Belarus" (18th century) "Holocaust in Byelorussia, 1941-1944" - the first systematic study of the history of the Holocaust in Byelorussia written in Russian - authored by Dr. Leonid Smilovitsky with a preface by Daniel Romanovsky and published in Tel-Aviv, 2000 "Jewels
and Ashes" authored by
Arnold Zable, a Melbourne, Australia writer who has traveled to
Belarus and recorded his feelings in a moving and literary manner.
Available from most major chain bookstores. "Jewish
Life in a Shtetl in Europe" - authored by Cheyna
Rogovin Chertow (born 1912), who shares her memories of Belakoritz
and Wolzyn in 1912 to 1931 is available at JewishGen
archives of 3/1/1999 on page 7. "Jewish
Roots in Poland: Pages from the Past & Archival
Inventories" - authored by
Miriam Weiner. Published by the Miriam Weiner Roots to Roots
Foundation, Inc. 136 Sandpiper Key, Secaucus, NJ 07094-2210
Telephone 201 866 4075 e-mail mweiner@routestoroots.com "Jews in Belarus: From Our Common History, 1905-1953" authored by Dr. Leonid Smilovitsky, Diaspora research Institute of the Tel-Aviv University and published by ARTI-FEX in Minsk, 1999 in Russian. "Jews
in Belorussian Public Prosecutor's Offices, 1944-1956 // East "Jews of Moscow, Kiev and Minsk: Identity, Anti-Semitism, Emigration" - authored by Rozalina Ryvkina - The Jews of Moscow, Kiev and Minsk:... "Settlers
in Yekaterinoslav Guberniya" which
is not located in Belarus, but offers some interesting information
on why Jews left the economically poor cities in the north, like
Belarus, and established new settlements in Novo Russia
"Un Juif de Bielorussie de Lida A Karaganda" (In French) (A Jew in Byelorussia, Lida and Karaganda) Ghetto-Maquis-Goulag - authored by Joseph Kuszelewicz, Harmattan - 19/09/2002 ISBN 2-7475-1308-4 Born in Lida, his family survived with the partisans in the nearby forests. After a five year post-war imprisonment in the Gulag, he joined his family in Paris. "Jewish
luck," spoken of with bitter irony by Jews and with
resentment by their neighbors, led Joseph Kuszelewicz from the Lida
ghetto in Hitler controlled Byelorussia, to Stalin's gulag in Karaganda,
Kazakhstan. The story begins in the one hell of the
"Final Solution to the Jewish Question," and ends in the
alternate hell for Soviet citizens deported as zeks to the gulag. After the Lida region was liberated, Joseph was conscripted into the Red Army. He was severely wounded in East Prussia during the final months of the war. Released from the army, he was arrested and deported to Kazakhstan. The author's story is supported by an appendix that includes documents and transcripts from the Lida war crimes trials of 1966. Submitted to JewishGen on 1/24/04 by Bernard Kouchel General
Old Belarus Synagogue - Photo courtesy of Brest Online I would suggest to the researcher of the following sites, to also check the other two Baltic Country sites, including Estonia and Lithuania, as well as Poland and Russia as there may very well be some cross references as the country borders changed many times between wars. An excellent site
to find information about most European countries is at http://searcheurope.com
Global
Gazetteer is a great web site. It is a directory of 2,880,532
of the world's cities and towns, sorted by country and linked
to a map for each town. A tab separated list is available
for each country.
World-Wide Gazetteer How to
use the Belarus SIG website to find your Belorussian
ancestors and their shtetls
The World Fact
Book A web
catalogue offering numerous categories with some 5,000 links to
multilingual Belarus
1960-1975 Chasnich-Bieshenkowitz Society Membership Dues List
Belarus History and Famous Personalities
All Belarus
Database - enter the surname you are looking for, and see what
records exist within this database. Archives Access to archives since the mid-1990s has greatly enriched the Holocaust historiography in Byelorussia. Documents on the history of the Holocaust, lists of ghetto victims, descriptions of partisan actions in which Jews took part, lists of monuments on common graves, etc., began to appear in the 'Pamyat' (Memory) series of documented chronicles of Byelorussian towns and districts which have been published since 1987. Archives - To request records you must first contact the Belkom Archive, Kollektornaya St. #10, Minsk. It is advisable to also send a copy of your request to the consulate in your country. Individual archives are not allowed to provide information on the contents of their holdings, but the Belkom Archive is allowed to provide the information on subordinate archives. They charge $50 for initiating a search. For access to the holdings of the national Archives, the researcher should apply directly by official letter of application to the director of the individual archives requested. The majority of documents preserved at the Archives are open for researchers. Foreign researchers planning visits should check in advance regarding operating hours and temporary changes. Most Archives are open Tuesday through Friday from 9:00 to 5:00, but check first. Fees for a genealogical research includes a pre-payment of $80.00 and a final sum based on a charge of $4.00 per hour of research. Enclose a check, drawn on your bank, for the pre-payment of the $80.00, made payable to the name of the appropriate archive. Also see below under the title of Military, addresses of Archives where records may be found. Records for areas in Belarus have been turning up in Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, the united States and in Israel. Some of these are primary records and others are secondary records. You may also fined that some Jewish records are mixed with 'Church Records' and 'Mixed Records'. You also
may write to: Archives
of Belarus (in Russian) - Archives
and Burial Places in Belarus (including Jewish Cemeteries and
the Jewish Communities in Belarus)- http://www.jewishgen.org/cemetery/e-europe/belarus.html Byelorussian Archives site - links to each of the various archives http://www.president.gov.by/gosarchives/EArh/Erx_spisok.htm Central
State Historical Archives L'viv - address is Director of
the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine
The National Archive in Belarus is professional and
responsive to all requests and there are tons of information,
often in the form of metric books, about Jewish life. More
resources are acquired all the time. At a meeting we had
earlier this week with the Archive Director, Ms Golabovich, we
were told that metric books for Bobruisk had just been obtained
and were now being conserved prior to indexing. There is an
ongoing project to index all holding of the archive with
National Historical Archives of Belarus - branches in several cities http://president.gov/by/gosarchives/Arh/arx_naz_ist.htm National
Historical Archive of Belarus (Minsk)
The Belarus SIG has extracted and translated into English, the entire remaining census forms for the Grodno Guberniya. While most of the records were destroyed, the remaining remnants provide valuable genealogical data for those who can find their families on the census records. This census includes the place of birth, place of registration, along with the address and shtetl where people were living at the time of the census. In many instances these three locations are different for the same person in the census database. The information provides an insight on origination of families and helps to lead to other shtetls for you to research. In addition to
areas now in Belarus, the Grodno Guberniya portion of the
1897 Census includes areas now in Poland; Bialystok, Bielsk
and Sokolka Uyezd. BIALYGen, the Bialystok
Region Jewish Genealogy Group. The BelarusSIG
web site has inventories of records known to exist in the two
branches of the NHAB, as well as the postal addresses for the two
different branches of the NHAB.
"Mishpocha" published in Vitebsk. Some of their back
issues in Russian, can be found at
National
Archives of the Republic of Belarus The Archives was founded on May 28, 1927. During 1930-1944, it was located in Mogilev. In June 1995, the documents of the former Central archives of the Communist Party were added to the State Archives' complex. The Belarusian State Archives was reorganized into the National Archives of the republic of Belarus. More information ins available at http://www.president.gov.by/gosarchives/EArh/E_naz.htm Previous Names of the archive: Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic's Central Archives of October Revolution (1927-1938) Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic's Central State Archives of October Revolutions and Socialist Development (1938-1993) Belarusian State Archives (1993-1995)
State
Archives of Brest Region National
Historic Archive of Belarus (Grodno) State
Archives of Grodno Region State Archive
of Register Offices (Grodno Region) Grodno OZGS =
State Archive of Register Offices For The Grodno Region
Molodechno
OGA = Zonal State Archives In Molodechno Some records for shtetls that were once in Lithuania may be found in the Vilna Archive Belarus
Records in the Vilna Archive (Lithuania) It is
recommended that both addresses be also written in Ukrainian.
A sample of how to address the Archive can be found at A possible
contact for the Archives in Minsk, Belarus, according to
Amy Levinson arl@teleport.com
in a message on the JewishGen forum of
12/9/96 states that a probable contact for the Grodno Archives may
be 'Perzashkevich, aka "Minsk Genealogy Group" at
Minsk PKP National
Archives (in Russian)- Useful site ZAGS Archives State Archive of Register Offices for the Brest Region 18 Svobody Sq.,
224030, Brest State Archive of Register Offices for the Vitebsk Region 6 Gogolya Street,
210010, Vitebsk State Archive of Register Offices for the Gomel Region 20, Krestianskaya
Str., 246050, Gomel State Archive of Register Offices for the Grodno Region 3, Ozheshko Str.,
230023 State Archive of Register Offices for the Mogilev Region Apt. 026, Town
Council, 212030, Mogilev State Archive of Register Offices for the City of Minsk 24a,
Krasnoarmeiskaya Str., 220030, Minsk State Archive of Register Offices for the Minsk Region 24a
Krasnoarmeiskaya Str., 220030, Minsk A
Belarus Miscellany - a collage of information
http://solar.rtd.utk.edu/~kasaty/miscellany.html
A
Virtual Guide to Belarus: Belarus
- informational sites - look at the YIVO News winter edition for
"Jewish Documentary Sources in Belarus using the
finding aid. Belarus Cemetery Law - a law was enacted that is applied to cemeteries of all faiths, including Jewish cemeteries. Any cemetery unused for 25 years can be reclaimed for other purposes. Owning to the murder of entire Jewish communities by Germans and their Lithuanian, Latvian and Ukrainian partners in the 1941-44 period, the bulk of Jewish cemeteries fall under this law during the years 1966-69. Belarus
Discussion List - this list is for those interested in Belarus
using Internet discussion list 'netiquette' and any further
restrictions imposed by the charter. Complete 'welcome'
description Belarus Jewish Community - the leader is Yuri Dorn who is also the President of the Union of Religious Jewish Congregations of the Republic of Belarus. Belarus:
History and Famous Personalities - Belarus
Postal History - Belarus
Records in Various Archives - authored by David M. Fox is
quite informative regarding surviving records that may be
available including information about 'Changing Borders';
Centralization of Records; Conditions in the Archives and much
more Belarus: Reference - much information about the country, with hundreds of links to sites on Belarus in English and links to maps of cities of the Republic http://www.slavophilia.net/belarus/refer.htm Belarus
Research (from Poland) - Belarus
Research Guide - Belarus
Research List - A list of people searching for ancestors
with ties to Belarus Belarus
Revision Lists - the 'Reviska Skazka' (Revision Lists)
were conducted in territories ruled by the Russian Czar in the
18th and 19th centuries. The Lists only enumerated those
individuals subject to taxation and was also used for identifying
men to draft into the army. Further information and a table
showing the years by Shtetl/District can be found at The Belarusian State Museum of the History of the Great Patriotic War - http://nacbibl.org.by/natart/en/branches.html BelarusSIG
- here is a great site where David M. Fox webmaster has
tried to collect all the data accumulated about various archival
information and inventories of records and has made them available
at http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/belarus_records "Fonds that are not included in the inventories at this site, are secondary records (other than vital records or revision lists) where the archives or private researchers found valuable data. Frequently, vital records or revision lists are not available for some shtetls and the only way to gather information is from secondary records." The BelarusSIG
web site, besides offering "All Belarus Database",
offers: BelarusSIG
site To join the
SIG: To post to the Belarus
SIG discussion group, send your message to: Belarus
On-line Newsletter: Information
on these Guberniya: Grodno, Minsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk
and other Belarus Resources are available. The Belarus SIG
is online http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/newsletter/ or to the Belarus
SIG website There is much to learn from these pages and in addition to a large database, you will also find detailed maps of various areas (and years) of the country. Translations
include: The
Webmaster is Edward Rosenbaum - http://shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Belarus.html
"After the
Belarus SIG lunch at the August 2006 IAJGS conference in Belarus Given
Names Database - a searchable database of Jewish given
names used in Belarus during 1795 - 1925 and links in each record
to the new local vernacular names adopted in this same time period
in nine Foreign countries (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada,
Mexico, Palestine, South Africa, UK, US Belarus Surname Index - now has 21,462 surnames from 97 web sites indexed at http://www.jewishgen.org/belarus/static_index.htm Belarus
Newspaper Link Belarus
Online Newsletter Belarus SIG
Web Page The Belarusian Association of Jewish Organizations and Communities - President is Leonid Levin - Minsk 220123, Belarus Belarusian
Heritage - Belarusian
Historical Figures - Belarusian Born People ( A List of People Born in Belarus)- http://www.geocities.com/albaruthenia/IA/history.html Belarusian Diaspora in Poland - lots of interesting information at this site http://www.belarus-misc.org/bel-dpol.htm
"Border Changes" - "Timeline Consequences of Border Changes -
the History of the Administrative-Territorial Division of
Belarus 1569-January 2000" created by Nancy Holden
Byelorussian
in Poland - Byelorussian
in Russian Federation - there are approximately 1,206,000
Byelorussian in Russia as of 1993. There is a large
community in the Komi Republic (27,000 currently live in Komi,
the republic's fourth largest ethnic community after Russians, Komi
and Ukrainians. and approximately 12,000 Byelorussians in the Sakha
Republic (Yakutia). Birth Certificates from Belarus - include the full name (including patronymic) exact date and place of birth, date of registration of the birth; birth certificate number; parents' names; parents' parents' names (including parents' mothers' maiden names); parents' birth dates (father's full birth date and mother's birth year); father's occupation; and any changes in the registry of birth. Birth Records from
the "Detailed Inventory of 13 Microfilms of Belarus
Records at the Family History Center" See also the
All Belarus Database Brewing
Trade in Belarus - Cemeteries
- Bruce Kahn has a searchable photographic database of this and
many other cemeteries at Chevra Kadisha, located on Mohliver St. in Tel-Aviv is working on a list of Chevra Kadisha files for towns in Belarus. Consolidated
Jewish Surname Index, which includes the Jewish Records
Indexing - Poland; All-Lithuania Database; All-Belarus
Database; All-Latvia Database and JewishGen Family
Finder is available at Culture
of the country Cyrillic
Keyboard - Deliveries
- Meest-Boston delivers US
dollars, sea and air parcels, food parcels, equipment and
electronics, letters and small packages to Ukraine, Russia, Belarus,
Moldova, Poland and other countries. More services are available Duma - The voter lists for all of the districts of Minsk Guberniya includes the Uyezds of: Minsk, Pinsk, Mazyr, Igumen, Novogrudok, Borisov and Slutsk http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/ The
Minsk Guberniya 1906 Duma List with 16,000 records from
Minsk, Pinsk, Mozyr, Igumen, Novogrudok, Borisov and
Slutsk districts East
European Genealogy Society - lots of information East Europe Jewish Heritage Project - dedicated to the preservation and perpetuation of East European Jewish culture, Jewish monuments, buildings and cemeteries. To raise funds, the project offers genealogical services for a cost of $80.00 for a preliminary report and a family tree now costs in the order of $500. . The initial search checks relevant archives and record offices for documents relative to your family. You will then receive a report of the results. This group has negotiated with the Belarusian Committee for the Preservation of the Nation's Heritage, an agreement for the protection of Belarus' Jewish Cemeteries. Further research
is quoted at this point to continue with the research.
Contact: Belarusian is one of two official languages. For about 40% of the country, it is the first language. It is most prevalent in rural areas. All legal and government documents are in Belarusian. All road signs are in Belarusian. Belarusian language and literature is a required subject in all schools and universities. There are Belarusian (and for that matter Polish) language schools available in many parts of the country where there is a demand. Russian now the second state language. Until 1932, there were four official languages: Belarusian, Russian, Polish and Yiddish. Virtually all Belarusians are bilingual. Belarus has 141 listed ethnic and national groups, many of which have retained their language. From a posting by Franklin J. Swartz, East European Jewish Heritage Project
Eastern
European Jewish History - "EEJH":
European Jewish History, Religion and Culture / Eyropeyishe
Yiddishe Geshikhte, Religion un Kultur is a mailing list for the
discussion of Jewish religion, culture and history in Europe.
Discussions range from European Jews in ancient times to events in
the 21st century. Special attention is devoted to topics dealing
with Jewish Culture, Customs and Beliefs, Folklore and Folk
Religion, Jewish-Christian Relations in Europe Estonia
- there are approximately 28 thousand Byelorussians in Estonia.
See the 1993 information from The First World Convention of
Byelorussians at Europages -
business 2 business company directory and business in Europe,
yellow pages access, international and European business directory
(professional services, addresses and business classifieds FEEFHS
Belarus Research List - Genealogy (including Jewish Genealogy) in Belarus - http://www.geocities.com/albaruthenia/IA/history.html Genealogy
resources at the Belarus National State Archive (a growing
list, but in Russian) - GenWeb
(World) - The Belarus GenWeb was
started in 1999 by Charles Wardell. Belarus GenWeb is a part
of the world-wide network Guberniya
District Maps, Grodno, Minsk, Vitebsk Guberniyas maps from the
1899 edition of Vsia Rossia - The
Guberniya maps from 1899. History
of Byelorussian Jewry - Index
of Kasaty offers many links dealing with Belarus. Most
items are in htm format, though Some are in zip format. Jews
in Belarus - partially in Belarus language
Judaism
- within Belarus - "At the turn of the century, over 50
percent of the population of Minsk (Mensk), Hrodna, Mogilev
and Viciebsk were Jewish (98% of native Byelorussians lived
in the countryside). Today, Jews constitute one percent of
the national population." Information
obtained from the Minsk in Your Pocket Also
check out Latvia
- there are approximately 120 thousand Byelorussians in Latvia
in 1993 and approximately 97,000 in 2000.
There are approximately 10 officially registered Belarusian
organizations in Latvia. More information available at Lithuanian Database offers approximately 10,000 records which probably contain names that may have lived in Belarus which had been Lithuania http://www.jewishgen.org/litvak/all.htm Magnate - "Apparently, the country had an intensely feudal character for hundreds of years, the effects of which have not completely worn off. Polish landed gentry (often absentee landlords) from the joint Poland/Lithuania Commonwealth, which ruled the area for hundreds of years (1550-1795ish), actually *owned* whole towns, cities, and manorial estates; had private armies; and often offered protective charters for Jews whom they contracted with to run distilleries, inns, collect taxes from the Belarusian peasants, provide services like shoemaking, etc., and basically act as middlemen between the Poles and the natives. The landed
gentry were called "magnates" and were often
princes and counts and other kinds of lesser nobility. After the
Czar took over this region (1795-ish), many Jews performed the
same services for the Russian nobility who had simply exchanged
places with their Polish peers. Interestingly, there
was an unusual urban-rural split in Belarus: towns and
cities were populated almost entirely
by the landed gentry and Jews (the only groups allowed to travel
in the region), while the countryside was populated almost
exclusively by the native Belarussians who spoke their own
language (Belarusian, rather than Polish or Russian) and had a
different religion (Greek Orthodox, rather than Roman Catholic,
Russian Orthodox, or Jewish), and were mostly involved in
agricultural activities."
Map of
Belarus - Old
Belarus Maps online Detailed
Maps of Belarus Cities Map of
Grodno Guberniya 1834 - Map of
Grodno Guberniya in 1890 Map of
Lida Uyezd - as part of Lithuania Map of Minsk Guberniya Map 1834 - http://www.geocities.com/albaruthenia/IA/history.html Map of Minsk Guberniya from 1834 http://www.jewishgen.org/belarus/1834_minsk_gubernia_map.htm Map of
Mogilev Guberniya 1834 - Map of Poland from 1921 to 1939 - included is Belarus http://www.polishroots.com/images/pol1921.gif Map
portion of Vilna Guberniya from 1863 Maps of Russia and the FSU (Former Soviet Union) Republics - be prepared to stay online for quite some time, if you want to see one of the largest collections of different types of maps. This site is fabulous and offers a huge variety of maps that include such titles as Bukovina Maps; Ukraine Maps and Distances; Ex-USSR map; Maps of Europe in different eras; Russian Far East Maps; Belarus Maps; Ukraine Maps; Kazakhstan Maps: Georgia Maps; Tajikistan Maps; Crimea Maps; Uzbekistan Maps; Azerbaijan Maps; Kyrgyzstan Maps; Moldova Maps; Turkmenistan Maps; Armenia Maps; Caucuses Region Maps; Baltic States Maps including Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia; and more at http://users.aimnet.com/~ksyrah/ekskurs/maps.html Map of
Vitebsk Guberniya 1834 - Measurement of Land - a Desyatina is 1.09 hectares or 2.07 acres Military
History of Belarus - Military Records - The RBVIA serves as the centralized archive for military records of the Russian Empire, consolidating the holdings from various pre-revolutionary Russian military archives and other repositories throughout the former Soviet Union. RGVIA retains documentation produced from the activities of highest, central, and local military administration and military agencies of the Russian Empire from the end of the seventeenth century until March of 1918. Rossiiskii
Gosudarstvennyi Voenno-Istoricheskii Arkhiv (RGVIA) For records from 1918 - 1941 ... Rossiyskiy
Gosudarstvenniy Voyenniy Arkhiv English translation ... (Russia, 125212
Moscow KGB Archive
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